A Research on the Structure of Metaphor and its Application: Focused on the Health Insurance Policy in the U.S.

doi:10.18627/jslg.34.4.201902.557

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2019 Vol.34, Issue 4 Next Page

A Research on the Structure of Metaphor and its Application: Focused on the Health Insurance Policy in the U.S. 은유의 구조와 활용연구: 미국의 건강보험정책을 중심으로: 김현효
Kim, Hyun Hyo

28 February 2019. pp. 557-571

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Abstract

Conceptual metaphor theory assumes that metaphors are deeply related to our thoughts. The purpose of the paper is to show how metaphors frame and reflect the way we think about the healthcare system in the U.S. For conservatives, health insurance is considered as a product and citizens are regarded as consumers in the medical market. However, Obama introduced a new source domain, public service, to understand the target domain, the health insurance in ACA (Obamacare). There are differences in the health insurance metaphors reflecting the two different frames, a product or a public service. Conceptual metaphors are collected to show the different perspectives.

Keywords

conceptual metaphor

health insurance

product

market frame

public service

References

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Bush, G. 2007. “President Bush Discusses Health Care, Economic Growth and Free Trade at 2007 Grocery Manufacturers Association/Food Products Association Fall Conference”, The White House, Retrieved from the White House https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/10/20071031-7.html
Evans, V. and M. Green. 2006. Cognitive Linguistics, Edinburgh University Press.
Fillmore, C. J. 1982. Frame Semantics. Linguistics in the Morning Calm: Selected Papers from SICOL-1981, 111-137, Seoul. Hanshin Publishing Co.
Gibbs, R. W. 1994. The Poetics of Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Giuliani, R. 2007 July 30. Rudy Giuliani Discusses His Commitment To Giving Americans Increased Control And Access To Health Care, Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/294630
Harris, J. 1999. State Social Work and Social Citizenship in Britain: From Clientelism to Consumerism, British Journal of Social Work 29.6, 915-3. 10.1093/bjsw/29.6.915
Howe, Licholas. 1988. Metaphor in Contemporary American Political Discourse, Metaphor and Symbolic Activity 3.2, 87-104.10.1207/s15327868ms0302_2
Jeffrey, T. P. Can Obama and Congress Order You to Buy Broccoli?, 2009, Oct. 21, CNSnews.com, retrieved from https://www.cnsnews.com/blog/terence-p-jeffrey/can-obama-and-congress-order-you-buy-broccoli
Kӧvecses, Z. 2002. Metaphor: A Practical Introduction, New York: Oxford University Press.
Lakoff, G and E. Wehling. 2012. The Little Blue Book: The Essential Guide to Thinking and Talking Democratic, Free Press.
Lakoff, G and E. Wehling. 2016. Your Brain’s Politics: How the Science of Mind Explains the Politcal Divide, Societas.
Lakoff, G. 1991. Metaphor and War: The Metaphor System Used to Justify War in the Gulf. An Open Letter to the Internet. Available from the Center for the Cognitive Science of Metaphor Online: http://philosophy.uoregon.edu/metaphor/metaphor.htm.
Lakoff, G. 1996. Moral Politics: How Liberals and Conservatives Think. University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, G. 2004. Don’t Think of an Elephant!: Know Your Values and Frame the Debate. Chelsea Green Publishing.15297998
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Lakoff, G. and M. Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live By, The University of Chicago Press.11661871
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Levin, S. R. 1977. The Semantics of Metaphor, Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Mangan, D. 2018. Trump Touts Repeal of Key Part in ‘Disastrous Obamacare’ - the Individual Mandate, Retrieved from CNBC, Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2018/01/30/trump-touts-repeal-of-obamacare-individual-mandate.html
McLaughlin, H. 2009. What’s in a Name: ‘Client’, ‘Patient’, ‘Customer’, ‘Consumer’, ‘Expert by Experience’, ‘Service User’ - What’s next?. The British Journal of Social Work 39.6, 1101-1117, http://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcm15510.1093/bjsw/bcm155
Mio, J. S. 1997. Metaphor and Politics. Metaphor and Symbol 12.2, 113-133.10.1207/s15327868ms1202_2
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Obama, B. 2016b. Remarks by the President on the Affordable Care Act. The White House Office of the Press Secretary.
Ortony, A. 1975. Why Metaphors Are Necessary and Not just Nice. Educational Theory 25.1, 45-53.10.1111/j.1741-5446.1975.tb00666.x
Reddy, M. 1979. The Conduit metaphor. in A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 164-201.
Roberts, J. 2012. National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, 567 U.S. 519(2012) Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business_v._Sebelius
Santora, M. 2007, Aug. 1, “Giuliani Seeks to Transform U.S. Health Care Coverage”, New York Times Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/01/us/politics/01giuliani.html
Searle, J. 1979. Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts. Cambridge, England: Cambridege University.10.1017/CBO9780511609213
Sperber, D. and Wilson, D. 1986. Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Oxford: Blackwell.
Stewart J. B., How Broccoli Landed on Supreme Court Menu, 2012, June 13, The New York Times, Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/14/business/how-broccoli-became-a-symbol-in-the-health-care-debate.html
Stone, D.A. 1988. Policy Paradox and Political Reason, Scott Foresman & Co.
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Information

Publisher :The Modern Linguistic Society of Korea
Publisher(Ko) :한국현대언어학회
Journal Title :The Journal of Studies in Language
Journal Title(Ko) :언어연구
Volume : 34
No :4
Pages :557-571
DOI :https://doi.org/10.18627/jslg.34.4.201902.557

[1] Black, M. 1981. Metaphor, Philosophical Perspectives on Metaphor, 63-82, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/01/us/politics/01giuliani.html

[2] Bush, G. 2007. “President Bush Discusses Health Care, Economic Growth and Free Trade at 2007 Grocery Manufacturers Association/Food Products Association Fall Conference”, The White House, Retrieved from the White House https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/10/20071031-7.html

[3] Evans, V. and M. Green. 2006. Cognitive Linguistics, Edinburgh University Press.

[4] Fillmore, C. J. 1982. Frame Semantics. Linguistics in the Morning Calm: Selected Papers from SICOL-1981, 111-137, Seoul. Hanshin Publishing Co.

[5] Gibbs, R. W. 1994. The Poetics of Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[6] Giuliani, R. 2007 July 30. Rudy Giuliani Discusses His Commitment To Giving Americans Increased Control And Access To Health Care, Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/294630

[7] Harris, J. 1999. State Social Work and Social Citizenship in Britain: From Clientelism to Consumerism, British Journal of Social Work 29.6, 915-3. 10.1093/bjsw/29.6.915

[8] Howe, Licholas. 1988. Metaphor in Contemporary American Political Discourse, Metaphor and Symbolic Activity 3.2, 87-104.10.1207/s15327868ms0302_2

[9] Jeffrey, T. P. Can Obama and Congress Order You to Buy Broccoli?, 2009, Oct. 21, CNSnews.com, retrieved from https://www.cnsnews.com/blog/terence-p-jeffrey/can-obama-and-congress-order-you-buy-broccoli

[10] Kӧvecses, Z. 2002. Metaphor: A Practical Introduction, New York: Oxford University Press.

[11] Lakoff, G and E. Wehling. 2012. The Little Blue Book: The Essential Guide to Thinking and Talking Democratic, Free Press.

[12] Lakoff, G and E. Wehling. 2016. Your Brain’s Politics: How the Science of Mind Explains the Politcal Divide, Societas.

[13] Lakoff, G. 1991. Metaphor and War: The Metaphor System Used to Justify War in the Gulf. An Open Letter to the Internet. Available from the Center for the Cognitive Science of Metaphor Online: http://philosophy.uoregon.edu/metaphor/metaphor.htm.

[14] Lakoff, G. 1996. Moral Politics: How Liberals and Conservatives Think. University of Chicago Press.

[15] Lakoff, G. 2004. Don’t Think of an Elephant!: Know Your Values and Frame the Debate. Chelsea Green Publishing.15297998

[16] Lakoff, G. 2008. The Political Mind: Why You Can’t Understand 21st Centruy American Politics with an 18th Century Brain, New York Viking.18691942

[17] Lakoff, G. 2016. Linguistics and Politics, The Routledge Handbook of Linguistics, K. Allan ed., 546-560, Routledge.

[18] Lakoff, G. and M. Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live By, The University of Chicago Press.11661871

[19] Lakoff, G. and M. Turner. 1989. More Than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.10.7208/chicago/9780226470986.001.0001

[20] Langacker, R.W. 1987. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, Vol.1. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

[21] Langacker, R.W. 1999. Grammar and Conceptualization. Berlin: Mouton.10.1515/9783110800524

[22] Leo, V. 2017. Giuliani and Dean Talk Politics, Healthcare and More at Becker’s CEO + CFO Roundtable, Becker’s Hospital Review, Retrieved from https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/hospital-management-administration/giuliani-and-dean-talk-politics-healthcare-and-more-at-becker-s-ceo-cfo-roundtable.html

[23] Levin, S. R. 1977. The Semantics of Metaphor, Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

[24] Mangan, D. 2018. Trump Touts Repeal of Key Part in ‘Disastrous Obamacare’ - the Individual Mandate, Retrieved from CNBC, Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2018/01/30/trump-touts-repeal-of-obamacare-individual-mandate.html

[25] McLaughlin, H. 2009. What’s in a Name: ‘Client’, ‘Patient’, ‘Customer’, ‘Consumer’, ‘Expert by Experience’, ‘Service User’ - What’s next?. The British Journal of Social Work 39.6, 1101-1117, http://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcm15510.1093/bjsw/bcm155

[26] Mio, J. S. 1997. Metaphor and Politics. Metaphor and Symbol 12.2, 113-133.10.1207/s15327868ms1202_2

[27] Obama, B. 2016a. United States Health Care Reform: Progress to Date and Next Steps. JAMA 316.5, 525-532.10.1001/jama.2016.9797

[28] Obama, B. 2016b. Remarks by the President on the Affordable Care Act. The White House Office of the Press Secretary.

[29] Ortony, A. 1975. Why Metaphors Are Necessary and Not just Nice. Educational Theory 25.1, 45-53.10.1111/j.1741-5446.1975.tb00666.x

[30] Reddy, M. 1979. The Conduit metaphor. in A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 164-201.

[31] Roberts, J. 2012. National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, 567 U.S. 519(2012) Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business_v._Sebelius

[32] Santora, M. 2007, Aug. 1, “Giuliani Seeks to Transform U.S. Health Care Coverage”, New York Times Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/01/us/politics/01giuliani.html

[33] Searle, J. 1979. Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts. Cambridge, England: Cambridege University.10.1017/CBO9780511609213

[34] Sperber, D. and Wilson, D. 1986. Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Oxford: Blackwell.

[35] Stewart J. B., How Broccoli Landed on Supreme Court Menu, 2012, June 13, The New York Times, Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/14/business/how-broccoli-became-a-symbol-in-the-health-care-debate.html

[36] Stone, D.A. 1988. Policy Paradox and Political Reason, Scott Foresman & Co.

[37] Westen, D. 2007. The Political Brain, New York: Public Affairs.

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