A Corpus-Based Analysis of Event Conceptualization in the French Near-Synonyms façon and manière

doi:10.18627/jslg.42.1.202605.31

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2026 Vol.42, Issue 1 Preview Page Next Page

Research Article

A Corpus-Based Analysis of Event Conceptualization in the French Near-Synonyms façon and manière 프랑스어 유의어 façon과 manière의 사건 개념화: 코퍼스 기반 분석: 황순희^1*
Hwang, Soonhee^1*; ¹홍익대학교

¹Hongik University

31 May 2026. pp. 31-52

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Abstract

This study aims to empirically investigate the semantic differences between the French near-synonyms façon and manière using corpus-based data and to explain these differences in terms of conceptualization. While previous studies have largely relied on intuitive definitions or limited examples, systematic empirical evidence from actual usage remains insufficient. Using a large-scale French corpus in Sketch Engine, this study examines major syntactic patterns and compares collocational behavior through logDice and ΔlogDice measures. The results show that façon is associated with collocates related to the internal realization of events, whereas manière tends to co-occur with evaluative and interpretive expressions. These differences are consistently observed across patterns, highlighting distinct conceptualization tendencies. This study contributes to strengthening the empirical basis of near-synonym research.

Keywords

French near-synonyms

façon and manière

corpus linguistics

collocational patterns

semantic conceptualization

References

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황순희. 2025. 프랑스어 ventre (배)의 의미 확장과 코퍼스 분석. 한국프랑스학논집, 130, 115-146. 10.21296/jls.2025.12.115.1
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Gries, S. T. 2010. Behavioral Profiles: A Fine-Grained and Quantitative Approach in Corpus-Based Lexical Semantics. The Mental Lexicon 5.3, 323-346. 10.1075/ml.5.3.04gri
Gries, S. T. 2013. Statistics for Linguistics with R: A Practical Introduction (2nd ed.). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110307474
Gries, S. T. 2015. The Most Under-Used Statistical Method in Corpus Linguistics: Multi-Level Modeling. Corpora 10.1, 95-125. 10.3366/cor.2015.0068
Gries, S. T. and Divjak, D. 2009. Behavioral Profiles. In V. Evans and S. Pourcel (eds.), New Directions in Cognitive Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing, 57-75. 10.1075/hcp.24.07gri
Hunston, S. and Francis, G. 2000. Pattern Grammar. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. 10.1075/scl.4
Kennedy, G. 2014. An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics. London and New York: Routledge. 10.4324/9781315843674
Kilgarriff, A., Baisa, V., Bušta, J., Jakubíček, M., Kovář, V., Michelfeit, J., Rychlý, P. and Suchomel, V. 2014. The Sketch Engine: Ten Years on. Lexicography 1.1, 7-36. 10.1007/s40607-014-0009-9
Kilgarriff, A., Marcowitz, F., Smith, S. and Thomas, J. 2015. Corpora and Language Learning with The Sketch Engine and SKELL. Revue Française de Linguistique Appliquée 20.1, 61-80. 10.3917/e.rfla.201.0061
Langacker, R. W. 1987. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar: Theoretical Prerequisites (Vol. 1). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Langacker, R. W. 2008. Cognitive Grammar: A Basic Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331967.001.0001
Liu, D. 2010. Is It a Chief, Main, Major, Primary, or Principal Concern?: A Corpus-Based Behavioral Profile Study of The Near-Synonyms. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 15.1, 56-87. 10.1075/ijcl.15.1.03liu
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Rychlý, P. 2008. A Lexicographer-Friendly Association Score. In P. Sojka and A. Horák (eds.), Recent Advances in Slavonic Natural Language Processing. Brno: Masaryk University, 6-9.
Sinclair, J. 1991. Corpus, Concordance, Collocation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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Stefanowitsch, A. and Gries, S. T. 2003. Collostructions: Investigating The Interaction between Words and Constructions. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 8.2, 209-243. 10.1075/ijcl.8.2.03ste
Stefanowitsch, A. and Gries, S. T. (eds.). 2007. Corpus-Based Approaches to Metaphor and Metonymy. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110199895
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Information

Publisher :The Modern Linguistic Society of Korea
Publisher(Ko) :한국현대언어학회
Journal Title :The Journal of Studies in Language
Journal Title(Ko) :언어연구
Volume : 42
No :1
Pages :31-52
DOI :https://doi.org/10.18627/jslg.42.1.202605.31

[1] 강범모. 2025. 한국어 의미론: 언어, 마음, 세계 (초판). 서울: 한국문화사.

[2] 권민재. 2025. 감정ㆍ지각 동사 유의어의 의미 연구 - 동사 fühlen, empfinden, spüren의 연어 분석을 중심으로. 독어학, 52, 63-87.

[3] 김경은 ‧ 엄소영. 2024. 한국어 교육을 위한 ‘대단하다 류’의 유의어 의미 변별 연구 - ‘대단하다, 훌륭하다, 뛰어나다, 엄청나다, 굉장하다’를 중심으로 -. 언어사실과 관점, 63, 63-102.

[4] 김아림. 2023. 유의어 관계 색채 형용사 사용 양상 비교: 공기 명사 분석을 중심으로. 언어와 언어학, 101, 1-30. 10.20865/202310101

[5] 유인선. 2025. 한국어 형용사 유의어의 군집 구조와 변별 요인 분석: 행동 프로파일 분석을 중심으로. 언어, 50.4, 1321-1347.

[6] 조준형. 2022. 프랑스어 교육에서 코퍼스 기반 유의어 동사의 맥락 분석의 유용성에 관한 연구 - apporter/emporter, amener/emmener, joindre/rejoindre를 중심으로. 프랑스어문교육, 78, 65-92. 10.36747/ellf.78.3

[7] 최윤. 2024. 혐오 감정 동사 유의어의 의미 연구― 혐오 감정 동사와 공기하는 명사와의 공기 관계 분석을 통해 ―. 어문론집, 98, 7-37.

[8] 황순희. 2022. 프랑스어 sang (피) 비유 표현과 의미 확장. 프랑스어문교육, 76, 175-212. 10.36747/ellf.76.7

[9] 황순희. 2025. 프랑스어 ventre (배)의 의미 확장과 코퍼스 분석. 한국프랑스학논집, 130, 115-146. 10.21296/jls.2025.12.115.1

[10] Altenberg, B. and Granger, S. (eds.). 2002. Lexis in Contrast: Corpus-Based Approaches. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. 10.1075/scl.7

[11] Baroni, M., Dinu, G. and Kruszewski, G. 2014. Don’t Count, Predict! A Systematic Comparison of Context-Counting vs. Context-Predicting Semantic Vectors. In Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 238-247. 10.3115/v1/P14-1023

[12] Biber, D., Conrad, S. and Reppen, R. 1998. Corpus Linguistics: Investigating Language Structure and Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511804489

[13] Bybee, J. 2010. Language, Usage and Cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511750526

[14] Church, K. and Hanks, P. 1990. Word Association Norms, Mutual Information, and Lexicography. Computational Linguistics 16.1, 22-29.

[15] Croft, W. and Cruse, D. A. 2004. Cognitive Linguistics (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511803864

[16] Cruse, D. A. 1986. Lexical Semantics (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[17] Cruse, A. 2004. Meaning in Language: An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[18] Deignan, A. 2005. Metaphor and Corpus Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/celcr.6

[19] Divjak, D. and Gries, S. T. 2006. Ways of Trying in Russian: Clustering Behavioral Profiles. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 2.1, 23-60. 10.1515/CLLT.2006.002

[20] Geeraerts, D. 2009. Theories of Lexical Semantics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198700302.001.0001

[21] Gries, S. T. 2010. Behavioral Profiles: A Fine-Grained and Quantitative Approach in Corpus-Based Lexical Semantics. The Mental Lexicon 5.3, 323-346. 10.1075/ml.5.3.04gri

[22] Gries, S. T. 2013. Statistics for Linguistics with R: A Practical Introduction (2nd ed.). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110307474

[23] Gries, S. T. 2015. The Most Under-Used Statistical Method in Corpus Linguistics: Multi-Level Modeling. Corpora 10.1, 95-125. 10.3366/cor.2015.0068

[24] Gries, S. T. and Divjak, D. 2009. Behavioral Profiles. In V. Evans and S. Pourcel (eds.), New Directions in Cognitive Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing, 57-75. 10.1075/hcp.24.07gri

[25] Hunston, S. and Francis, G. 2000. Pattern Grammar. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. 10.1075/scl.4

[26] Kennedy, G. 2014. An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics. London and New York: Routledge. 10.4324/9781315843674

[27] Kilgarriff, A., Baisa, V., Bušta, J., Jakubíček, M., Kovář, V., Michelfeit, J., Rychlý, P. and Suchomel, V. 2014. The Sketch Engine: Ten Years on. Lexicography 1.1, 7-36. 10.1007/s40607-014-0009-9

[28] Kilgarriff, A., Marcowitz, F., Smith, S. and Thomas, J. 2015. Corpora and Language Learning with The Sketch Engine and SKELL. Revue Française de Linguistique Appliquée 20.1, 61-80. 10.3917/e.rfla.201.0061

[29] Langacker, R. W. 1987. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar: Theoretical Prerequisites (Vol. 1). Stanford: Stanford University Press.

[30] Langacker, R. W. 2008. Cognitive Grammar: A Basic Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331967.001.0001

[31] Liu, D. 2010. Is It a Chief, Main, Major, Primary, or Principal Concern?: A Corpus-Based Behavioral Profile Study of The Near-Synonyms. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 15.1, 56-87. 10.1075/ijcl.15.1.03liu

[32] Miller, G. A. and Charles, W. G. 1991. Contextual Correlates of Semantic Similarity. Language and Cognitive Processes 6.1, 1-28. 10.1080/01690969108406936

[33] Rychlý, P. 2008. A Lexicographer-Friendly Association Score. In P. Sojka and A. Horák (eds.), Recent Advances in Slavonic Natural Language Processing. Brno: Masaryk University, 6-9.

[34] Sinclair, J. 1991. Corpus, Concordance, Collocation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[35] Sketch Engine. 2023. French Web 2023 (frTenTen23) corpus. https://www.sketchengine.eu/

[36] Stefanowitsch, A. and Gries, S. T. 2003. Collostructions: Investigating The Interaction between Words and Constructions. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 8.2, 209-243. 10.1075/ijcl.8.2.03ste

[37] Stefanowitsch, A. and Gries, S. T. (eds.). 2007. Corpus-Based Approaches to Metaphor and Metonymy. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110199895

[38] Stubbs, M. 2001. Words and Phrases: Corpus Studies of Lexical Semantics. Oxford: Blackwell.

[39] Talmy, L. 2000. Toward A Cognitive Semantics. Cambridge: MIT Press. 10.7551/mitpress/6847.001.0001

[40] Tutin, A. and Grossmann, F. 2002. Collocations Régulières et Irrégulières: Esquisse de Typologie du Phénomène Collocatif. Revue Française de Linguistique Appliquée 1, 7-25. 10.3917/rfla.071.0007

The Journal of Studies in Language ISSN:1225-4770(Print) 2671-6151(Online) 언어연구

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